General Information
Gastroesophageal reflux
– sometimes called heartburn – occurs when stomach contents leak
back, or reflux, into the esophagus. Heartburn that occurs more than twice a
week may be considered gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Some people have
GERD without heartburn. Instead, they experience pain in the chest, hoarseness
in the morning, or trouble swallowing.
Symptoms/Diagnosis
When refluxed stomach acid touches the lining of the esophagus, it causes a
burning sensation in the chest or throat. The fluid may even be tasted in the
back of the mouth, and this is called acid indigestion.
What Causes This?
The esophagus is the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. The
lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus
that acts like a valve between the esophagus and stomach.
 If
this sphincter does not function properly, or if it is not located in its usual
anatomic position, stomach contents can reflux back into the esophagus. Occasional
reflux is normal and usually does not cause any symptoms. When reflux occurs
repeatedly, it can lead to erosion of the lining of the esophagus along with
the symptoms of GERD.
Many factors contribute
to GERD, but they can be divided into two main groups. The first group includes
things that weaken the valve between the stomach and the esophagus. The second
group causes reflux by increasing the pressure in the stomach so that it overcomes
the LES.
- Cause One: Weakening
the LES
Hiatal hernia- This is a condition where the junction between the stomach
and the esophagus (normally located in the abdomen) slides up and down between
the chest and abdominal cavity. This can lead to weakening of the LES and
reflux. Other outside agents that can weaken the LES include tobacco, alcohol,
medications, and certain foods, like peppermint or chocolate.
 Cause
Two: Increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
Anything that adds pressure to your abdominal cavity can also cause GERD.
Common causes include obesity, chronic coughing or straining, over-eating,
changes in body position (bending over, lying down), and eating late or close
to bedtime. Over time, chronic acid reflux can lead to changes in the cells
that line the esophagus. This is known as Barrett’s esophagus. Patients
can also develop pre-cancerous changes (dysplasia) because of chronic reflux.
Once a patient develops these findings, careful and close follow-up is mandatory,
as is an annual upper endoscopy to rule out the development of cancer.
Treatment
- Lifestyle Changes –
If you think you are suffering from GERD, the first step is to see your primary
care doctor. There are a number of lifestyle changes you can make that will
help alleviate symptoms as well. These include:
- Stop smoking
- Do not drink alcohol
- Lose weight
- Eat small meals
- Wear loose-fitting clothes
- Avoid lying down for
3 hours after a meal
- Raise the head of your
bed 6 to 8 inches
Medications
Your doctor may suggest you try medication for your pain. A number of over-the-counter
and prescription drugs, including antacids, foaming agents, H2 blockers, and
proton pump inhibitors, can help you at this time.
If further workup is indicated, your doctor might recommend a barium swallow,
upper endoscopy, pH monitoring examination, or an esophageal manometry.
 Surgical
Therapy
Who should have surgery? Most GERD will respond to lifestyle changes and medical
management. People who do not respond to conservative management should consider
surgery. Over time, the cost of the medicines can be significant and some patients
will elect to have surgical correction. Studies have shown that results are
better if the surgery is done before the patient’s GERD becomes severe
(maximum medical therapy). Any patient who has developed Barrett’s esophagus
or pre-cancerous changes (dysplasia) in the lower esophagus should strongly
consider anti-reflux surgery. There are recent studies that report the regression
of these findings in some patients who undergo the operation. Patients with
Barrett’s esophagus or dysplastic changes who undergo the surgery should
continue to have close follow-up, including endoscopy, on a regular schedule
until the condition resolves.
The standard surgical treatment
for GERD is Nissen Fundoplication. In this operation, the upper part of the
stomach is wrapped around the lower end of the esophagus, and the hiatal hernia
is repaired.
This surgery can be done
with the laparoscopic technique, which normally means less pain, a shorter hospital
stay, a faster return to your day-to-day life, and an improved cosmetic result.
Most patients at SCOSA will have this approach. Your surgeon will discuss this
with you on an individual basis at your appointment.
Surgery: Before
and After
Your SCOSA surgeon will review with you the risks and benefits of the procedure
at your clinic appointment. You will be sent for some routine lab work, X-rays,
and an EKG. In addition, your SCOSA surgeon will set up any further testing
required to evaluate your esophagus before surgery.
On the day before surgery,
you should have only a clear liquid diet and nothing to eat or drink after midnight
with the exception of some medications. This will be clarified by your SCOSA
surgeon. You should shower the day before or the morning of your operation.
Medications such as aspirin,
coumadin, or other blood-thinning agents should be stopped at least seven days
prior to surgery. Vitamin E, diet medications and St. John’s Wort should
also be stopped at least one week prior to surgery. Please go over any specific
questions with your SCOSA surgeon.
Patients are encouraged
to stop smoking and begin an exercise program in advance of any operation.
The day of the operation
Your SCOSA doctor will give you detailed instructions about where and when you
should be the morning of your surgery.
Once you arrive at the hospital, a nurse will start an IV, and you will meet
with your anesthesiologist and your SCOSA surgeon to answer any last-minute
questions. You will likely receive some pre-operative medications and then be
taken to the operating room.
After surgery, you will
be in the recovery room until you are completely awake.Your room will include
a breathing device called an incentive spirometer. It is important that you
use this several times each hour when you are awake. The nurses on the floor
will give you specific instructions about its use. In addition, it is important
that you get out of bed and walk in the hall. We like our patients to do this
at least once the afternoon after surgery and then at least four times each
following day. These activities are vitally important to prevent a blood clot
from forming in your legs, pulmonary embolism, breathing problems, and pneumonia.
After-effects of
Surgery
After the operation and for the next few weeks, patients consume what is referred
to as a “post-nissen diet.” This is composed mainly of slippery
food, like runny scrambled eggs or gelatin. In the four to six weeks after surgery,
there can be swelling at the wrap, which narrows the opening to the stomach.
Some patients will swell more than others and at times can have difficulty swallowing.
Liquids and post-nissen diet provides nutrition that will pass smoothly through
the opening. If solid food is taken too soon after surgery, it can irritate
the lining of the wrap and aggravate the swelling – thus prolonging the
transition to a regular diet.
Although this operation
is very safe and has a less than 1 percent mortality rate, this is an important
decision for you and your physician. Potential acute complications are rare,
but can include bleeding, infection, damage to stomach, esophagus, spleen or
other internal organs. Other less common risks are hernia, wound problems, need
for open surgery or re-operation.
Some patients will experience abdominal bloating after surgery. Patients who
have chronic acid reflux will tend to swallow air or saliva repeatedly throughout
the day in an effort to push the acid back down into the stomach.
After this surgery, there is some swelling at the junction between the stomach
and esophagus, which inhibits some patients from burping as they did before
to expel the swallowed air. The air is then passed into the intestines and consequently
patients may experience some bloating. The good news is that once the swelling
subsides, most patients can burp normally. Also, after the surgery the air and
saliva swallowing is no longer necessary although it is difficult for some patients
to “un-learn.”
You should schedule a routine
follow up with your SCOSA surgeon two weeks after the operation.
You should call your SCOSA surgeon immediately if you experience any of the
following after this procedure: persistent fever of more than 101 degrees, persistent
nausea or vomiting; worsening abdominal pain- uncontrolled by medication; increasing
abdominal swelling; chest pain; shortness of breath; redness around or pus coming
from incisions; or the inability to tolerate liquids.
Outcomes
Most patients spend one or two nights in the hospital after this surgery, and
then experience a complete resolution or a significant improvement of their
symptoms.
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